POLÔNIA  - Um país a estudar

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• POLÔNIA
• Prefácio
• Conhecimento
• Prefácio
• Cronologia de eventos Importantes
• Arquivos do país
• País
• Geografia
• Sociedade
• Economia
• Transportes
• Governo e Política
• Segurança Nacional
• Introdução
• Capítulo 1. Histórico
• Pré-história até 1385
• As Origens da Polônia
• Era Medieval
• Fragmentos e Invasões, 1025-1320
• Depois dos Piasts
• Integração à  Civilização Européia

• Era Jagielônica , 1385-1572
• União Polaca-Lituana 
• A "Idade do Ouro" do Século dezesseis
• Polônia-Lituânia como Potência Européia
• O Governo da Polônia-Lituânia
• Polônia-Lituânia na época da Reforma
• Renascença Polaca
• As regiões orientais do Reino

• República Nobiliária, 1572-1795
• Monarquia Elegida
• O Dilúvio, 1648-67
• Decadência da Comunidade
• As Três Partilhas, 1764-95
• Primeira Partilha
• Nação Revivida
• Destruição da Polônia-Lituânia

• Polônia repartida
• O período Napoleônico
• O Impacto do Nacionalismo e Romanticismo
• A Era das Insurreições Nacionais
• O período do "trabalho orgânico"
• Transformação Social e Política
• Vitória da Independência e derrota, 1914-45
• Primeira Guerra MundiaI
• Guerra e território polaco
• Recovery of Statehood

• Interwar Poland
• Formative Years, 1918-21
• From Democracy to Totalitarianism
• Poland's International Situation

• World WarII
• The Outbreak of War
• German and Soviet Rule
• Resistance at Home and Abroad
• Soviet Liberation of Poland

• THE POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
• Consolidation of Communist Power
• From Stalinism to the Polish October
• The Gathering Crisis of People's Poland, 1956-80
• The Gomulka Years
• Consolidation of the Opposition in the 1970s

• The Birth of Solidarity
• The Jaruzelski Interlude
• Martial Law
• Poland at an Impasse
• Collapse of the Communist Regime
• Toward the Round-Table Talks

• The 1989 Elections and Their Aftermath
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
• PHYSICAL SETTING
• Topography
• Drainage
• Climate
• ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION
• Environmental Conditions and Crises
• Environmental Groups
• Government Environmental Policy
• DEMOGRAPHY
• Languages
• Population Growth and Structure
• Population Density and Distribution

• Ethnic Groups
• Jews
• Germans
• Ukrainians and Belarusians
• Gypsies
• The Intelligentsia
• The Working Classes
• Agricultural Workers
• Industrial Workers
• Social Relationships
• The Role of Women

• Communist Housing Policy
• Polish Housing in Practice
• Housing after 1989

• The Polish Catholic Church and the State
• Church and State Before 1945
• The Early Communist Decades
• Relations in the 1970s and 1980s
• Church and State after 1989
• The Polish Catholic Church and the People
• Other Churches
• The Greek Catholic Church
• The Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession
• The Old Catholic Churches
• The Polish Ecumenical Council

• The Education Tradition
• Eras of Repression
• The Drive for Education Reform
• Structure of the Education System

• Health Conditions
• The Health Care System
• Health Issues
• AIDS
• Narcotics
• Alcoholism
• The Welfare System
• Structural Change
• Welfare Benefits

NATURAL RESOURCES

• Minerals and Fuels
• Agricultural Resources
• Labor Force

• System Structure
• Development Strategy

• Establishing the Planning Formula
• Retrenchment and Adjustment in the 1960s
• Reliance on Technology in the 1970s
• Reform Failure in the 1980s

• Marketization and Stabilization
• Required Short-Term Changes
• The Shock Strategy
• Initial Results
• Long-Term Requirements
• Macroeconomic Indicators for 1990-91
• Price Increases
• Impact on Productivity and Wages
• Statistical Distortions
• Agricultural Imbalances
• Causes of Decline
• The External Balance of the Economy
• The Privatization Process
• Economic Policy Making in the 1990s

• Fuels and Energy
• Coal
• Oil and Gas
• Power Generation
• Extractive and Manufacturing Industries
• Light Industry
• Automotive Industry
• Construction Machinery
• Shipbuilding
• Agriculture
• Organization under State Planning
• Private and State Farms
• Postcommunist Restructuring
• Fishing and Forestry
• Fishing
• Forestry
• Transportation and Communications
• Banking and Finance
• The State Banking System
• Banking Reform, 1990-92
• Insurance and Securities Reform
• New Financial Institutions
• Foreign Loans and Money Supply

• The Foreign Trade Mechanism
• Postcommunist Policy Adjustments
• The End of the Soviet Era
• The Role of Currency Exchange
• Foreign Investment

Chapter 4. Government and Politics

POLITICAL SETTING

• The Round Table Agreement
• The Mazowiecki Government
• Popular Election of a President
• The Bielecki Government
• The Parliamentary Elections of October 1991
• The Olszewski Government
• The Pawlak Interlude
• The Suchocka Government

• The Constitution of 1952
• Constitutional Revisions after April 1989

• Presidency
• Sejm
• Senate
• Supreme Control Chamber
• Council of Ministers
• Regional and Local Government
• Judicial System
• The National Judicial Council
• The Supreme Court
• Lower Courts
• The Supreme Administrative Court
• The Constitutional Tribunal
• The State Tribunal
• The Prosecutor General
• The Commissioner for Citizens' Rights

• Solidarity
• Center Alliance
• Democratic Union
• Liberal-Democratic Congress
• Beer-Lovers' Party
• Peasant Alliance
• Christian National Union
• Party of Christian Democrats
• Confederation for an Independent Poland
• PZPR and Successor Parties
• Polish Peasant Party

• The Early Opposition Press
• Liberalization in the 1980s
• The End of Press Censorship
• Book Publishing
• Radio and Television

• Soviet Union and Russia
• Other Former Soviet Republics
• Baltic States
• Belarus
• Ukraine
• Southern Neighbors and the Visegrád Triangle
• Germany
• The United States
• Other Western Countries
• International Organizations

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES

• From Medieval Times to World War I
• The Interwar Years
• World War II
• The Communist Era
• Postwar Consolidation
• Defining the Military's Postwar Role
• Martial Law
• Transition and Reform

• Threat Perception
• Military Doctrine
• Strategy and Tactics
• Military Cooperation and Exchanges

• The Communist Tradition
• Evolution and Restructuring
• Civilian Command Structure
• Military Command Structure
• The Military Prosecutor
• Lines of Authority
• National Security Agencies
• Armed Services
• Ground Forces
• Navy
• Air and Air Defense Forces
• Territorial Defense Forces

• The Military and Society
• Recruitment and Service Obligations
• Military Training and Education
• Conscript Training
• Officer Education
• Reserves and Mobilization

• Military Budget
• Arms Procurement
• Arms Imports
• Domestic Arms Production
• Arms Exports

• Internal Security
• Security Service
• Militia Forces
• Border Troops
• Crime
• Sistema penal
• Sob o Comunismo
• Reforma pós-comunista
• Anexos. Tabelas
• Bibliografia
• Glossário

 

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